Other Localization Factors

IID and ITD are insufficient localization cues.

Pinnae filtering is most pronounced above 4 kHz.

Reverberation can also provide a localization cue but works best on impulsive sounds.

Longer tones are more difficult because listeners estimate distance almost entirely during the attack portion of the sound (where ITDs are most effective).

Reflections off the torso, shoulder also serve a cues.

Mistakes in localizing the sound occur mostly at low frequencies.